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This application note reviews the critical parameters (and the order in which they should be tested) and the general criteria for quality transmission.

This application note provides an overview of the basic concepts of PMD and the impact that strong-mode and weakmode coupling have on PMD testing; the accuracy of test instruments will also be discuss...

This application note explores effective approaches for measuring noise and used by service providers who are determined to ensure quality of service (QoS) to their customers.

This application note explores technologies driving the evolution to higher-bandwidth networks: the ROADM technology and the optical transport network (OTN) standard.

This application note explores the fundamental OTDR principles that are key to understanding the specifications of this instrument.

This article demonstrates how OSNR can be derived, for each individual channel, from an optical spectrum measurement to obtain indirect information about the performance of these channels and hence of...

This application note highlights the differences between the differential phase-shift method and the phase-shift method.

This application note focuses on the possible approaches to dealing with excess PMD and highlights the preferred one, from a cost-effective standpoint.

This application note explains why it is essential to analyze not only the circuit ofinterest, but the environment around the circuit when testing services.

This application note demonstrates how linearity at the far end of an OTDR trace is very important to guarantee proper link loss, event loss and attenuation readings.