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Chromatic dispersion (CD) is a deterministic phenomenon that refers to the broadening effect experienced by optical pulses emitted by a transmitter light source as they travel at different velocities in a propagating dispersive medium. Severe pulse broadening results in inter-symbol interference, which changes a 0 into a 1.
All light sources have a finite non-zero wavelength or frequency spectrum. The wavelengths or frequencies in the spectrum do not propagate at the same velocity from input to output in a transmission link (e.g., optical fiber, optical components, amplifiers) because each wavelength or frequency has a different index of refraction (IOR).
The IOR is what makes source wavelengths or frequencies travel at different velocities (group velocity) and have different arrival times (phase and group delay). Chromatic dispersion is the variation of the IOR as a function of frequency or wavelength. This variation is nonlinear, and consequently, makes the spreading and dispersive effect more severe at some wavelengths than others, thus limiting the transmission bandwidth.
The chirp effect occurs when the source wavelength spectrum varies during the pulse, especially at the rise and decay times. The wavelengths at the end of the pulse are delayed with respect to those at the beginning, which causes broadening. However, when the wavelengths at the beginning of the pulse are delayed with respect to those at the end, this causes compression.
Chromatic dispersion can be compensated passively and actively.
Passive Techniques
Active Techniques
There are four internationally-standardized methods for testing chromatic dispersion:
Since chromatic dispersion is deterministic and can be fitted to a mathematical derivative model, it can be calculated two basic ways. For a small number of fibers, the derivative can be extrapolated from the group delay versus wavelength function. For a mix of fibers, the derivative must be extrapolated locally, using a limited number of delay measurements over a short wavelength span.
Finally, chromatic dispersion can be measured both in the lab and in the field.